Quaker History

Producer-Director Janet Gardner and Senior Producer Richard (Dick) Nurse are celebrating this October’s World Quaker Day in an unusual way.

The Gardner Documentary Group’s film–‘Quakers: the Quiet Revolutionaries‘ has been picked up by WHYY, Philadelphia’s Public TV station, for a 6:00 PM airing on October 6th. The two Princeton Friends Meeting members have labored for more than seven years to bring the documentary to completion, so they relish the public attention a WHYY screening affords and are hopeful that their deft and thoughtful Quaker history will raise the profile of a uniquely grounded Faith.

Janet Gardner, a field producer, film editor and news writer for NBC News and WNBC-TV, WRC-TV (Washington, D.C.) and CBS News got the idea for making a film about Quakers during a ‘Quaker Pilgrimage’ trip she took to England with her husband in 2010. As part of the trip, which is organized as both faith tourism and a teaching of history through experience, Friends Council on Education took the group on a climb up Pendle Hill, the Lancashire mountain that Quakerism’s founder, George Fox, climbed in 1652. Upon reaching the top, Fox had a vision for an entirely new Christian faith community, one that would attract other seekers who were looking for a direct relationship with God unhindered by the forms, rules, and oppressive history expressed in Catholicism, by the Puritans, and the establishment Church of England.

From the heights of Pendle Hill, Fox had a vision of  ‘a great people gathered.’ From this moment he shaped a movement that soon became the Quaker Faith. Aided by other visionary thinkers, like Margaret Fell, Fox quickly grew the Faith to a community numbering 100,000 Friends strong. Persecuted in England for their refusal to pay tithes and attend church, many followed William Penn to America, purchasing shares of farmland and building a colony grounded in religious freedom.

Returning home from England, Gardner started to research whether any documentaries on the founding of Quakerism existed. She noticed films about Islamic, Jewish and other faiths, but came up short when she looked for films on Quakers. From this void, Gardner’s quest to create ‘Quakers: the Quiet Revolutionaries‘ was born.

Funded by individual donations, a Kickstarter campaign, a Guggenheim Fellowship, and gifts from Quaker Meeting communities or foundations, the film covers the history of Quakerism all the way up to modern times. It tackles Quaker social justice movements, the work to end war, environmental activism, and the mission to provide care for displaced and suffering peoples in the aftermath of World Wars I and II.

The film’s selection by WHYY is a tribute to the value of a good idea, individual persistence, and the gift of a fascinating story. All in all, it is a fitting way to celebrate World Quaker Day 2019. Thank you Janet and Dick! Your film is a testament to the power of faith.

There are seven short snippets from the film available for viewing at Beyond the Oatmeal Box at www.quakersthefilm.com

This is part III of a four-part story written by Haverford resident, Nancy Warren. A study of history uncovers the role a home near Haverford College and Haverford Meeting (Buck Lane) played before and after WWII. Originally owned by a conservative editor of the Saturday Evening Post, it ultimately served as an important Quaker boarding house that sheltered World War II refugees for American Friends Service Committee (AFSC). Many became professors at nearby colleges, like Haverford and Bryn Mawr.

PART 3

By Nancy S. Warren

In the 1920’ and 30’s the sunny, generously proportioned house at 824 Buck Lane was owned by Frederick Bigelow, assistant editor of the conservative Saturday Evening Post. By 1940, Bigelow’s fortunes had reversed, and 824 Buck Lane was leased to the American Friends Service Committee (AFCS) via the Haverford Emergency Unit. In a gracious twist of fate, the house, once supported by the lucrative funds of a nationalist publication, would shelter immigrants– the very people the magazine had labored to exclude.

The goal of the Quaker run workshop at 824 Buck Lane, which accommodated about 25-30 refugees at a time, was to help people adjust psychologically, socially, spiritually, and most importantly, to help them find jobs. One, a dancer, got a teaching job; another, a botanist, worked at the Philadelphia Museum of Art; a school teacher began a study fellowship at Yale; a statistician got a job doing research; a biologist would study at Bryn Mawr College. Some refugees became well loved professors at Bryn Mawr, Haverford and Swarthmore Colleges. Of the 70 immigrants who lived here, all but a couple of them had secured employment before the Workshop closed in 1942.

In spite of the difficult circumstances, an exciting synergy existed between this fragmented group whose life’s work had been disrupted by the war. The refugees had plenty of time to socialize and take advantage of free lectures offered by Bryn Mawr and Haverford College. Attendance at Haverford Friends Meeting as well as 5 or 6 English classes a day were the only required activities in an otherwise relaxed atmosphere. The house was run communally; all of the residents chipped in with yard and housework. The tasks offered a therapeutic outlet and provided a camaraderie around chores.

Typical of Quaker organizations, the hostel was run on a frugal budget and depended on the surrounding community for support. Isherwood was the only full time English teacher on staff with 6 other administrators. Volunteer teachers from Haverford and Bryn Mawr College and the Baldwin School helped lighten the workload.

As stated in the 1942 Bryn Mawr College Yearbook: “ They (the refugees) are weaving a new pattern, learning and contributing. Silent observers, they listen to classes at Bryn Mawr and Haverford, learning our teaching methods. Students from both colleges have conferences with each refugee to correct his English pronunciation and enlarge his speaking vocabulary.”

Community members visited on Sunday evening to give lectures on topics like Municipal Government and Civil Liberties. Community also provided recreational and spiritual support. Haverford Meeting made a quilt for a couple who met at the hostel and were to be married. Piano, violin and singing resonated throughout; plays were put on; sometimes the little boy in one of the families here would take a girls’ part, just because that was what was needed or because Shakespeare’s influence was a happy commonality. Conversations started at breakfast before meeting or at dinner were continued while clearing the table and at the kitchen sink. The house was its own community and dependent on community effort.

I found the following paragraph in Jacob Picard, Meeting the Quakers,” in Jewish Frontier that really encapsulates the essence and the rationale behind the hostel for refugees:

“It was almost a foregone conclusion that the translator of Romain Rolland, himself the author of a well-known book, would converse with the story teller, who was the head dishwasher, about epical problems, while drying glasses. No one was astonished when the Russian Jewish philosopher, holding silver forks in his hand, defended certain sociological phenomena in Europe against the already Americanized viewpoint of a former (non-Jewish) assistant of one of the best German sociologists, who had to flee in 1938, because over there he had belonged to a secret anti-Nazi group and been very active; or that of a student of the philosopher Heidegger, carefully drying a frying pan, should deliver a quick lecture about an essay on Holderlin by his teacher. Meanwhile the once famous theater critic from Vienna recited an old folk song, very appropriate when peeling potatoes, and the former judicial counselor from Berlin talked about Indian philosophy and religion with an English poet.

Read the next and final installment when it is posted on July 17th

Nancy S. Warren, LMSW
May 2019

This is part II of a four-part story written by Haverford resident, Nancy Warren. A study of history uncovers the role a home near Haverford Meeting (Buck Lane) played before and after WWII. Hertha Kraus of American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) was the restless and directive social worker in charge of placement of refugees landing at the Buck Lane house. She is buried at Haverford Meeting, not far from the neighborhood she served.

PART 2

By Nancy S. Warren

In April of 1937, Hertha Kraus of the American Friends Service Committee, herself a Jewish German immigrant who helped immigrants informally for years prior, was appointed adviser of refugee and immigration services for AFSC. As a social worker in Germany she had written her doctorate on welfare statistics and implemented the idea of settlements and neighborhood homes for struggling communities. She fled Cologne in the thirties because she was a Jew and because of her involvement with the Democratic Socialist Party. At Bryn Mawr College, as an Associate Professor of Social Economy and Social Research, Kraus made it clear that academic research, statistical analysis and record keeping were critical to the social work field and to the benefit of the refugees with whom she worked closely.

She used her extensive contacts and experience in Germany to help form America’s refugee programs and published a series of case relief records in International Relief in Action 1914-1943 so that critical helpers could learn principles and procedures for international relief.

Kraus’ German sensibilities and attitudes towards social welfare sometimes conflicted with American social theory. By nature impatient, restless and directive, she did not fit well with Quaker ideals of cooperation and consensus and there are records of frustrating meetings with AFCS members which included Rufus Jones’ wife Elizabeth and their daughter, Mary Hoxie Jones. Kraus’ pragmatic personality did however hold her in good stead for the task of refugee placement. She did not search for the ‘perfect’ job, but rather the most expedient one, so that almost all of the refugees she helped found work.

Kraus’ reputation allowed her to continue her conversations with influential contacts in Germany despite the wartime situation. Her interest and skills in social policy and community organization furnished a sturdy basis for the hostels she started throughout the United States to help orientate refugees.

One of the hostels, called the Collective College Workshop, was here at 824 Buck Lane. Immigrants who lived here were invited to parties at Kraus’ home where she housed more
refugees, many of whom were also academic heavy weights. She and her partner are buried at the Haverford Friends Meeting, right up the street.

The story of how these people ended up here and how their journey nurtured the growth of community and social work is particularly interesting to me both as a homeowner who loves this neighborhood and as a social worker who loves our country and my work. It’s telling allows us to look at how the war, as horrific and ugly as it was, disclosed the possibilities and the complexity of personal histories caught up in its maelstrom.

Next installment July 10 – Read the third posting and find out who moved in at 824 Buck Lane and learn what they talked about as they did the dishes and took care of daily living at the Buck Lane hostel.

Nancy S. Warren, LMSW
May 2019